Can Biotech Food Cure World Hunger?

self-aggrandizing human birth enthusiasts

"While population growth must be part of the discussion it's important to find sustainable ways to produce and distribute food so that the hungry corporations aren't fed first and most" one the one hand we are concerned about non natural food production, and on the other, we relate to population control. How does one reconcile the two? Nature by definition is controllable?

Monsanto is the devil

the widespread consumption of genetically modified organisms is the most damning evidence of the lack of intellectual curiosity or ability of the american people

GMOs are not bad the first GMO mass produced was insulin for diabetics....... But Monsanto is evil for its actions not its science.

GMOs are not bad because you say so well that is very reassuring quid. oh damn I just found an article that is against gm insulin

http://www.naturalnews.com/022337_insulin_diabetes_genetic_modification.html

monsanto IS evil for it's science how do you not know that and bother posting here jesus

How is the science bad? Just because they reconstruct the carbon backbone does not make something bad. We have been making "GMOs" since Mendel. Your dog is a "GMO" if you look at it that way. I am a bio major at NC state. I am gay and liberal and I am all for taking on the "Man" but GMOs save lives everyday. You take like 10x more enzymes out of vegetables by simply cooking them than by crossbreeding them.

you CANNOT compare crossbreeding with genetic manipulation of cells. that is bull@!$%# they put forth to brainwash simple-minded people like college students apparently. you don't need to weaken cells with deadly viruses to cross breed dogs. I don't care about your gender politics or sexual preferences, bio-engineering is another quick fix by a short-sighted society that refuses to consider long-term consequences to the introduction of these foreign entities into the world

they are not foreign entities and it is the same thing as crossbreeding just on a molecular level......

Not when you are creating 'crossbreeds' that would not appear in nature.

I am for doing some genetic manipulation to learn all kinds of things, but using our food supply without some serious long term testing on a limited basis (instead of our entire population) should be required first.

I am not familiar with the way they break through the plant cell walls but when attempting to change the genetic makeup of the mutated DNA causing mutated cells during mitosis ie cancers they use viruses. Viruses are not all bad we could have quite possibly started as a virus.

Well Pamela maybe you should go to med school and voice these opinions or try to use this idea as your dissertation and see how far your get. The committee would laugh you right out the door. Your like a dental student trying to claim their is a deadly amount of mercury in the sealants. They don't put up with untested hypotheses such as these.

PD delivers up a lecture on science!! Now that's a knee slapper!!!

You are absolutely right, Quid. PD has been repeatedly tested on her capacity to read and correctly understand scientific literature - she has failed laughably every time. She carefully deletes any links to her earlier threads displaying her scientific illiteracy.

Censorship is a lot easier than study and education. More sensational, too. Drama trumps science with these fools.

Find some interesting and informative explanation of the sentimental "anti-science" crowd here:

http://sbutki.newsvine.com/_news/2009/10/29/3440750-the-cost-to-the-planet-of-fearing-science-an-interview-with-michael-specter-on-his-book-denialism

Michael Specter hits the nail squarely on the head.

omg you got me and the AMA and ADA and the adcoms at dental schools you got us all you go!!! go go power rangers!!!

See below, then.

The ONLY way to cure world hunger - is to have the countries where the communities are starving fix their own politics - government - and corruption.

Of course A way to cure world hunger would be to fix politics, government, and corruption via education but China and Africa appeared to be fixing the legacy the biggest multinationals (most of them linked to US corps) left behind. Yes, more corruption is a reason the cash is not in those places that needed it most.

Beauty:

The same generic class/imperial corruption that produced genetic, corporate polluted food, is the same class forces, class hierarchies, that produced a globalized pecking order of subordination, impoverishment, slavery, mass hunger. We still do not understand how class hierarchies deform not only the civil societies that exist at the top of the Apex, but also reproduce the same generic class corruption, deformed colonial states, deformed bureaucratic states, once the Soviet block, that were, ALL, notice the word, ALL, products of the same class forces, and not the fault of the victims of colonialism or isolated failed socialist revolutions.

I agree that technological development plays a role in the increase of disease (such as autoimmune disease and cancer), but I think the blame is misplaced on biotechnology as a whole. As far as I know, genetically modified foods don't make up a large percentage of the foods we eat -- correct me if I'm wrong. I thought that most of the genetically modified "foods" -- soybeans, corn, etc. -- were used for biofuels and processed foods? In any case, most of the modifications are to cause the plants to make their own insecticides, and I can't imagine those being worse than chemical pesticides.

Biotechnology is responsible for most of the new drugs that are being marketed. So it's kind of unfair to say that it causes "most disease and cancer" because it allows for a wider range of cancer treatments.

Biotechnology is responsible for most of the new drugs that are being marketed. So it's kind of unfair to say that it causes "most disease and cancer"

Actually, big pharma is a huge exploiter (read theft) of traditional medicine pratcices. Operations of scale do not necessarily equate to innovation, just market dominance and media control.

lre, when I said "biotech" i did not mean "big pharma." I meant companies that are purely biotech, not pharma companies that dabble in biotech.

Thanks for the clarification, Pam! :)

Thank you for all of the information... I can never get enough of this stuff. I have moved to a completely all natural diet in the past few months after seeing another person die of cancer, and another friend have massive pregnancy and fertility issues, and yet another friend with a child with autism.

I will stick to the basics. The funny thing is that my diet is the historical way of eating with saturated fats, and whole raw milk, and whole raw milk cheeses, and soaking my flour and all the ways that we used to eat and cook. I have lost 15 lbs. in that time period (4 months), and I just had a physical and my blood work was outstanding. My blood pressure has gone down, and I feel fantastic. I will be doing another test in about 6 months.

It takes longer to cook meals, and takes a lot of dedication, and attention to detail when shopping, but isn't that what we should be doing?

amswink are you @!$%#ing kidding you don't think biotech food is that prevalent, just in 80% or so of supermarket nonwhole foods. And then how much biotech food is being fed to the animals that people feed on!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! wake up

Apologies amswink - I misunderstood.

Philip, I suppose I meant to indicate that I meant whole foods. I figured that if one is really worried about the ill effects of genetically modified foods that that person would go out of his/her way to avoid processed foods anyway. Maybe a poor assumption on my part. And you're correct that most animals that become the meat in grocery stores are fed genetically modified corn and the like. No need to get pissy, here. I'm participating to learn as much as I am to offer insight.

Get thee to a good library, PD, and get crackin'...

Peer Reviewed Publications on the Safety of GM Foods

Results of a search of the PubMed database for publications on feeding studies for GM crops.

By Dr. Christopher Preston,
Senior Lecturer in Weed Management,
University of Adelaide

Introduction

There has been considerable recent comment on the lack of peer-reviewed scientific studies on the effect of GM food and feed on livestock, other animals and humans. A report by Pryme and Lembcke (2003) described 10 such studies. This report and the small number of studies is often quoted by groups opposed to the use of GM crops as justification for banning their use in the food chain. To determine the current state of the literature, I conducted a search of the PubMed database for publications on this topic.

Methods

The search strategy I used included the search terms (genetically and modified and food) coupled with crop species with known genetic modifications, including maize, soybean, canola, cotton, potatoes, tomatoes and peas. Searches also included the word transgenic instead of genetically and modified. A large number of hits were obtained by this search strategy, with most having little or nothing to do with GM food tests.

I collected papers that had:

1. An abstract in PubMed;

2. Were a research publication, not a review or commentary

3. Reported a feeding study involving food or food products from GM crops (not purified proteins from other sources such as bacteria or other GM products) in the abstract;

4. Test subjects were mammals, birds or fish; and 5. Reported at least one measure of comparison with non-GM food.

Results

In all, 42 publications abstracted in PubMed passed these tests. The search strategy extracted most of the studies covered by Pryme and Lembcke (2003). The ones absent were not apparently abstracted in PubMed (e.g. Pusztai 1998) or were reviews (Pusztai 2002). My search uncovered several publications between 1999 and 2001 that were not captured by Pryme and Lembcke (2003).

Of the 42 publications, most examined the effects of feeding GM crop products to livestock including cattle, pigs and poultry. A smaller number examined effects on rats and mice with two on fish. As reported in the abstracts of the publications, 36 studies found no significant effect of GM crop products on the parameters measured or concluded GM and non-GM products were equivalent. Four studies reported a positive effect of the GM feed (however, two of these were GM plants engineered for improved food quality) and two reported negative effects. The studies reporting negative effects were published in 1998 and 1999 (references 3 and 4 in the list). Since 2000, 35 publications have reported no important differences or positive effects of feeding GM crops.

Almost two thirds (27) the publications extracted from the database have been published since 2002. Many of these examined the potential effects of GM crop on livestock performance and were clearly aimed at determining whether the reports of dangers of GM crops to livestock in the press were true.

Conclusions

There are at least 42 publications extractable from the PubMed database that describe research reports of feeding studies of GM feed or food products derived from GM crops. The overwhelming majority of publications report that GM feed and food produced no significant differences in the test animals. The two studies reporting negative results were published in 1998 and 1999 and no confirmation of these effects have since been published. Many studies have been published since 2002 and all have reported no negative impact of feeding GM feed to the test species.

References

List of publications collected from PubMed by year.

Pryme, IF, Lembcke R. 2003. In vivo studies on possible health consequences of genetically modified food and feed - with particular regard to ingredients consisting of genetically modified plant material. Nutr Health 17:1-8.

Hammond BG, Vicini JL, Hartnell GF, Naylor MW, Knight CD, Robinson EH, Fuchs RL, Padgette SR. 1996 The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. J Nutr. 126:717-27.

Brake J, Vlachos D. 1998 Evaluation of transgenic event 176 "Bt" corn in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 77:648-53.

Fares NH, El-Sayed AK. 1998 Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. Nat Toxins. 6:219-33.

Ewen SW, Pusztai A. 1999 Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet. 354:1353-4.

Hashimoto W, Momma K, Yoon HJ, Ozawa S, Ohkawa Y, Ishige T, Kito M, Utsumi S, Murata K. 1999 Safety assessment of transgenic potatoes with soybean glycinin by feeding studies in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 63:1942-6.

Pusztai A, Bardocz GG, Alonso R, Chrispeels MJ, Schroeder HE, Tabe LM, Higgins TJ. 1999 Expression of the insecticidal bean alpha-amylase inhibitor transgene has minimal detrimental effect on the nutritional value of peas fed to rats at 30% of the diet. J Nutr. 129:1597-603.

Tutel'ian VA, Kravchenko LV, Lashneva NV, Avren'eva LI, Guseva GV, Sorokina EIu, Chernysheva ON 1999 [Medical and biological evaluation of safety of protein concentrate from genetically-modified soybeans. Biochemical studies] [Article in Russian]. Vopr Pitan. 68:9-12.

Momma K, Hashimoto W, Yoon HJ, Ozawa S, Fukuda Y, Kawai S, Takaiwa F, Utsumi S, Murata K. 2000 Safety assessment of rice genetically modified with soybean glycinin by feeding studies on rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 64:1881-6.

Palombo JD, DeMichele SJ, Liu JW, Bistrian BR, Huang YS. 2000 Comparison of growth and fatty acid metabolism in rats fed diets containing equal levels of gamma-linolenic acid from high gamma-linolenic acid canola oil or borage oil. Lipids. 35:975-81

Sidhu RS, Hammond BG, Fuchs RL, Mutz JN, Holden LR, George B, Olson T. 2000 Glyphosate-tolerant corn: the composition and feeding value of grain from glyphosate-tolerant corn is equivalent to that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.). J Agric Food Chem. 48:2305-12.

Spencer JD, Allee GL, Sauber TE. 2000 Growing-finishing performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed normal and genetically modified low-phytate corn. J Anim Sci. 78:1529-36.

Aulrich K, Bohme H, Daenicke R, Halle I, Flachowsky G. 2001 Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 1st communication: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition. Arch Tierernahr. 54:183-95.

Barriere Y, Verite R, Brunschwig P, Surault F, Emile JC. 2001 Feeding value of corn silage estimated with sheep and dairy cows is not altered by genetic incorporation of Bt1376 resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis. J Dairy Sci. 84:1863-71.

Bohme H, Aulrich K, Daenicke R, Flachowsky G. 2001 Genetically modified feeds in animal nutrition. 2nd communication: glufosinate tolerant sugar beets (roots and silage) and maize grains for ruminants and pigs. Arch Tierernahr. 54:197-207.

Tutel'ian VA, Kravchenko LV, Sorokina EIu, Korolev AA, Avren'eva LI, Guseva GV, Chernysheva ON, Tyshko NV. 2001 [Medical and biological assessment of the safety of genetically modified corn lines MON 810 and GA 21: a toxicological-biochemical study] [Article in Russian]. Vopr Pitan. 70:28-31.

Chrenkova M, Sommer A, Ceresnakova Z, Nitrayova S, Prostredna M. 2002 Nutritional evaluation of genetically modified maize corn performed on rats. Arch Tierernahr. 56:229-35.

Cromwell GL, Lindemann MD, Randolph JH, Parker GR, Coffey RD, Laurent KM, Armstrong CL, Mikel WB, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2002 Soybean meal from roundup ready or conventional soybeans in diets for growing-finishing swine. J Anim Sci. 80:708-15.

Folmer JD, Grant RJ, Milton CT, Beck J. 2002 Utilization of Bt corn residues by grazing beef steers and Bt corn silage and grain by growing beef cattle and lactating dairy cows. J Anim Sci. 80:1352-61.

Humphrey BD, Huang N, Klasing KC. 2002 Rice expressing lactoferrin and lysozyme has antibiotic-like properties when fed to chicks. J Nutr. 132:1214-8.

Reuter T, Aulrich K, Berk A, Flachowsky G. 2002 Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: chemical composition and nutritional evaluation. Arch Tierernahr. 56:23-31.

Reuter T, Aulrich K, Berk A. 2002 Investigations on genetically modified maize (Bt-maize) in pig nutrition: fattening performance and slaughtering results. Arch Tierernahr. 56:319-26.

Teshima R, Watanabe T, Okunuki H, Isuzugawa K, Akiyama H, Onodera H, Imai T, Toyoda M, Sawada J. 2002 Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 43:273-9.

Brake J, Faust MA, Stein J. 2003 Evaluation of transgenic event Bt11 hybrid corn in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 82:551-9.

Brown PB, Wilson KA, Jonker Y, Nickson TE. 2003 Glyphosate tolerant canola meal is equivalent to the parental line in diets fed to rainbow trout. J Agric Food Chem. 51:4268-72.

Chen ZL, Gu H, Li Y, Su Y, Wu P, Jiang Z, Ming X, Tian J, Pan N, Qu LJ. 2003 Safety assessment for genetically modified sweet pepper and tomato. Toxicology. 188:297-307.

Donkin SS, Velez JC, Totten AK, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2003 Effects of feeding silage and grain from glyphosate-tolerant or insect-protected corn hybrids on feed intake, ruminal digestion, and milk production in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 86:1780-8.

Erickson GE, Robbins ND, Simon JJ, Berger LL, Klopfenstein TJ, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2003 Effect of feeding glyphosate-tolerant (roundup-ready events GA21 or nk603) corn compared with reference hybrids on feedlot steer performance and carcass characteristics. J Anim Sci. 81:2600-8.

Grant RJ, Fanning KC, Kleinschmit D, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2003 Influence of glyphosate-tolerant (event nk603) and corn rootworm protected (event MON863) corn silage and grain on feed consumption and milk production in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci. 86:1707-15.

Ipharraguerre IR, Younker RS, Clark JH, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2003 Performance of lactating dairy cows fed corn as whole plant silage and grain produced from a glyphosate-tolerant hybrid (event NK603). J Dairy Sci. 86:1734-41.

Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, Astwood JD. 2003 Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from roundup ready (NK603), yieldgard x roundup ready (MON810 x NK603), non-transgenic control, or commercial corn. Poult Sci. 82:443-53.

Taylor ML, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, Astwood JD. 2003 Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard (MON810), YieldGard x Roundup Ready (GA21), nontransgenic control, or commercial corn. Poult Sci. 82:823-30.

Taylor ML, Hyun Y, Hartnell GF, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, Karunanandaa K, George B, Astwood JD. 2003 Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from YieldGard Rootworm (MON863), YieldGard Plus (MON810 x MON863), nontransgenic control, or commercial reference corn hybrids. Poult Sci. 82:1948-56.

Tony MA, Butschke A, Broll H, Grohmann L, Zagon J, Halle I, Danicke S, Schauzu M, Hafez HM, Flachowsky G. 2003 Safety assessment of Bt 176 maize in broiler nutrition: degradation of maize-DNA and its metabolic fate. Arch Tierernahr. 57:235-52.

Brake DG, Evenson DP 2004 A generational study of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans on mouse fetal, postnatal, pubertal and adult testicular development. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:29-36.

Brake DG, Thaler R, Evenson DP 2004 Evaluation of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn on mouse testicular development by dual parameter flow cytometry. J Agric Food Chem 52:2097-102.

Chen X, Zhuo Q, Piao J, Yang X. 2004 [Immunotoxicologic assessment of transgenetic rice][Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33:77-80.

El Sanhoty R, El-Rahman AA, Bogl KW. 2004 Quality and safety evaluation of genetically modified potatoes spunta with Cry V gene: compositional analysis, determination of some toxins, antinutrients compounds and feeding study in rats. Nahrung. 48:13-8.

Hammond B, Dudek R, Lemen J, Nemeth M. 2004 Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn. Food Chem Toxicol. 42:1003-14.

Hyun Y, Bressner GE, Ellis M, Lewis AJ, Fischer R, Stanisiewski EP, Hartnell GF. 2004 Performance of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing Roundup Ready corn (event nk603), a nontransgenic genetically similar corn, or conventional corn lines. J Anim Sci. 82:571-80.

Taylor ML, Stanisiewski EP, Riordan SG, Nemeth MA, George B, Hartnell GF 2004 Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing roundup ready (event RT73), nontransgenic control, or commercial canola meal. Poult Sci 83:456-461

Zhuo Q, Chen X, Piao J, Gu L. 2004 [Study on food safety of genetically modified rice which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor by 90 day feeding test on rats] [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33:176-9. 42.

Zhuo Q, Chen X, Piao J, Han C. 2004 [Study on the teratogenicity effects of genetically modified rich which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor on rats] [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33:74-7.

And just a few more for added good measure, Dr. Pamela...

Aulrich, K., R. Daenicke, I. Halle and G. Flachowsky. 1999. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Einstatz von herk`mmlichem und Bt-Mais in der Geflhgel- und Wiederk@uerern@hrung. (VDLUFA) Kongre8band 1999 111. VDLUFA-Kongre8. 13.-17.09.1999. Halle/Saale, 285-288.

Betz, F.S., B.G. Hammond and R.L. Fuchs (2000) Safety and Advantages of Bacillus thuringiensis-Protected Plants to Control Insect Pests. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 32:156-173

Cieslak, D. 2000. Implications of GMO's For Animal Nutrition and the Feed Industry. 61th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Technical Symposium, September 19-20, 2000, Bloomington, MN. Conference Proceedings p 72-77.

Flachowsky, G. and K. Aulrich. 1999. Tierern@hrung und Gentechnisch ver@nderte Organismen, Landbauforschung V`lkenrode, H.1, 13-20.

Flachowsky, G., K. Aulrich R. Daenicke, H. B`hme. 1999. Gentechnisch ver@nderte Produkte (GVO) in der Tierern@hrung. LAF Information Lectures from the conferences. Vol.7 (1999) No. 2 (ISSN 0944-5358) p 96-115.

Hartnell, G.F. 2000. Benefits of Biotech Crops For Livestock Feed. Proceedings 2000 Cornell Nutrition Conference For Feed Manufacturers. October 24-26, 2000, Rochester Marriott Thruway Hotel, Rochester, NY. P 46-56.

The Institute of Food Technologists (2000) IFT Expert Report on Biotechnology and Foods: Human Food Safety Evaluation of rDNA Biotechnology-Derived Foods. Food Technology 54 (9):53-61

Owens, F and S. Soderlund. 2000. Speciality Grains for Ruminants. 61th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Technical Symposium, September 19-20, 2000, Bloomington, MN. Conference Proceedings p 98-113.

Sauber, T. 2000. Performance of Soybean Meals Produced From Genetically Enhanced Soybeans. 61th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & Minnesota Soybean Research and Promotion Council Technical Symposium, September 19-20, 2000, Bloomington, MN. Conference Proceedings p 44-51.

Stilborn, H.L. 1999. The Future of Designer Grains For Nonruminants. 60th Minnesota Nutrition Conference & ZinPro Technical Symposium, September 20-22, 1999, Bloomington, MN. Conference Proceedings p 144.

Soybeans

Ash, J.A., S.E. Scheideler and C.L. Novak. 2000. The Fate of Genetically Modified Protein from Roundup ReadyÒ Soybeans in the Laying Hen. J. Poultry Sci. 79 (Suppl. 1):26. Abstract 111.

Burks AW, Fuchs RL (1995) Assessment of the endogenous allergens in glyphosate tolerant and commercial soybean varieties. J Allergy Clin Immunol 96:1008-1010

Carpenter J (2001) Case Studies in Benefits and Risks of Agricultural Biotechnology: Roundup Ready Soybeans and Bt Field Corn. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.

Carpenter J (2001) Comparing Roundup Ready and Conventional Soybean Yields 1999. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.

Fuchs RL, Re DB, Rogers SG, et al. (1996) Safety evaluation of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans. In: Food safety evaluation. OECD Documents, Paris, pp 61-70

Hammond, B., J. Vicini, G. Hartnell, M.W. Naylor, C.D. Knight, E. Robinson, R. L. Fuchs, and S.R. Padgetteet al. 1996. The feeding value of soybeans fed to rats, chickens, catfish and dairy cattle is not altered by genetic incorporation of glyphosate tolerance. J. Nutr. 126: 717-727.

Harrison LA, Bailey MR, Naylor M et al. (1996) The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerance soybean, 5-enolpryruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacteriuin sp. Strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice. J Nutr 126:728-740

List et al. (1999) Characterization of phospholipids from Glyphosate-tolerant Soybeans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc 76(1):57-60

Padgette SR, Kolacz CH, Delannay, X (1995) Development, Identification and Characterization of a Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean Line. Crop Science 35 (5):1451-1461

Padgette SR, Re DB, Barry GF et al. (1996) New weed control opportunities: development of soybeans with a Roundup ReadyÔ gene. In: Duke SO (ed) Herbicide-resistant crops: agricultural, environmental, economic, regulatory and technical aspects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 53-84

Padgette SR, Taylor NB, Nida DL et al. (1996) The composition of Glyphosate-tolerant soybean seeds is equivalent to conventional soybeans. J Nutr 126:702-716

Taylor NB, Fuchs RL, MacDonald J et al. (1999) Compositional analysis of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans treated with glyphosate. J Agric Food Chem 47:4469-4473

Teshima R, Akiyama H, Okunuki H et al (2000) Effect of GM and non-GM soybeans on the immune system of BN rats and B10A mice. J Food Hygienic Society of Japan 41:188-193

Potatoes

Anon.(1999) Health risks of genetically modified foods. (Editorial) Lancet 353:1811

Ewen SWB, Pusztai A (1999) Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus Nivalis Lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet 354:1353-1355

Horton R (1999) Genetically modified foods: "absurd" concern or welcome dialogue? (Commentary) Lancet 354:1314-1315

Kuiper HA, Noteborn HP, Peijenburg AA (1999) Adequacy of methods for testing the safety of genetically modified foods. [Commentary] Lancet 354:1315-1316

Lavrik PB, Bartnicki DE, Feldman J et al. (1995) Safety assessment of potatoes resistant to Colorado potato beetle. In: Engel KH, Takeoka GR, Teranishi R (eds) Genetically modified foods, safety issues. ACS, Washington DC, pp 148-158

Love S (2000) When Does Similar Mean the Same: A Case for Relaxing Standards of Substantial Equivalence in Genetically Modified Crops. HortScience 35:803-806

Rogan GJ, Bookout JT, Duncan DR et al. (2000) Compositional Analysis of Tubers from Insect and Virus Resistant Potato Plants. J Agric Food Chem 48: 5936- 5945

Tomatoes

Finn RF, Leimgruber RM, Boyle DM et al. (1996) Purification and biochemical comparison of 1- amino cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase proteins expressed in delayed ripening tomato and E. coli: studies for a food safety assessment. J Agric Food Chem 44:381-387

Redenbaugh K, Hiatt W, Martineau B et al. (1992) Safety assessment of genetically engineered fruits and vegetables: a case study of the Flavr SavrÔ tomato. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton

Redenbaugh K, Hiatt W, Martineau B et al. (1994) Amino glycoside 3'-phosphotransferase II (APH(3')II): review of its safety and use in the production of genetically engineered plants. Food Biotechnol 8:137-165

Reed AJ, Magin KM, Anderson JS et al. (1995) Delayed ripening tomato plants expressing the enzyme 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase: I. Molecular characteristics, enzyme expression and fruit ripening traits. J Agric Food Chem 43:1954-1962

Reed AJ, Kretzmer AJ, Naylor MW et al. (1996) A safety assessment of 1-ainocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCd) protein expressed in delayed ripening tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem 44:388-394

Corn

Esther Badosa, Carmen Moreno and Emilio Montesinos (2004) Lack of detection of ampicillin resistance gene transfer from Bt176 transgenic corn to culturable bacteria under field conditions. , Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, CIDSAV-CeRTA, University of Girona, Avda. Lluis Santaló, s/n, Girona 17071, Spain

Aulrich, K., I. Halle and G. Flachowsky. 1998. Inhaltsstoffe und Verdaulichkeit von Maiskörnen der Sorte Cesar und der gentechnisch veränderten Bt-hybride bei Legenhennen. Proc Einfluss von Erzeugung und Verarbeitung auf die Qualität laudwirtschaftlicher Produkte (VDLUFA) Kongre8band 1998 110. VDLUFA-Kongre8. 14.-18.09.1998. Gie8en, 465-468.

B`hme, H. and K. Aulrich. 1999. Inhaltsstoffe und Verdaulichkeit von transgenen Zuckerrben bzw. Krnermais im Vergleich zu den isogenen Sorten beim Schwein. (Ingredients and digestibility of transgenic sugar beets and corn in comparision to the isogenic varieties in the case of pigs). VDLUFA Conference Proceedings 1999, 111th VDLUFA Conference, 13-17 September 1999, Halle/Saale.

Brake, J. and D. Vlachos. 1998. Evaluation of event 176 "Bt" corn in broiler chickens. J. Poultry Sci. 77:648-653.

Carpenter J (2001) Case Studies in Benefits and Risks of Agricultural Biotechnology: Roundup Ready Soybeans and Bt Field Corn. National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy.

Daenicke, R., D. Gädeken and K. Aulrich. 1999. Einsatz von Silomais herkömmlicher Sorten und der gentechnisch veränderten Bt Hybriden in der Rinderfhtterung - Mastrinder - Tagungsband des. 12, Maiskolloquiums am 27./28.03.1999 in Wittenberg . 40-42.

Daenicke, R., K. Aulrich and G. Flachowsky. 1999. GMO in animal feedstuffs: Nutritional properties of Bt-maize unaffected. Mais, September 1999, pp. 135-137.

Donkin, S.S., J.C. Velez, E.P. Stanisiewski and G.F. Hartnell. 2000. Effect of feeding Roundup Ready corn silage and grain on feed intake, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83 (Suppl 1):273 Abstract 1144.

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Cotton

Berberich SA, Ream JE, Jackson TL et al. (1996) Safety assessment of insect-protected cotton: the composition of the cottonseed is equivalent to conventional cottonseed. J Agric Food Chem 41:365-371

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Nida DL, Patzer S, Harvey P et al. (1996) Glyphosate-tolerant cotton: the composition of the cottonseed is equivalent to conventional cottonseed. J Agric Food Chem 44:1967-1974

Nida KL, Kolacz KH, Buehler RE et al. (1996) Glyphosate-tolerant cotton: genetic characterization and protein expression. J Agric Food Chem 44:1960-1966

Sims SR, Berberich SA, Nida DL et al. (1996) Analysis of expressed proteins in fiber fractions from insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant cotton varieties. Crop Sci 36:1212-1216

Sugar Beets

B`hme, H. and K. Aulrich. 1999. Inhaltsstoffe und Verdaulichkeit von transgenen Zuckerrben bzw. Krnermais im Vergleich zu den isogenen Sorten beim Schwein. (Ingredients and digestibility of transgenic sugar beets and corn in comparision to the isogenic varieties in the case of pigs). VDLUFA Conference Proceedings 1999, 111th VDLUFA Conference, 13-17 September 1999, Halle/Saale.

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Right under your nose, PD, now don't be lazy - that's no way to learn your craft.

Don't be so quick, yourself.

You will need to educate yourself by reading the papers, all of them. See, you "can't judge a paper by its title" and that's what you've been doing wrong all along.

A true muckraker would know this body of work inside and out, forward and backward. One might even raise some legitimate questions and cautions that could direct science.

Micheal Specter gets it. He's on to you and your "denialist" agenda, too.

http://sbutki.newsvine.com/_news/2009/10/29/3440750-the-cost-to-the-planet-of-fearing-science-an-interview-with-michael-specter-on-his-book-denialism

If it is too much trouble for you to read through the scientific literature, then Specter's writing is a much easier read that will help you ground yourself in the reality of what you are doing.

Willfully ignorant. Lazy.